Literature Review of Body Temperature Studies

Writing Review of Body Temperature Studies Writing overview Internal heat level is one of the indispensable signs and it is a complex clinical variable, which can be caught precisely and quantitatively dissected 1-2. As indicated by German doctor Wunderlich, the typical internal heat level is characterized as 37 0C and fever as 38 0C 3. A sound, resting grown-up human ordinary center internal heat level is 37 0C. Anyway internal heat level isn't steady and differs among people for the duration of the day, on account of people digestion rate, which is straightforwardly relative to the typical center internal heat level, time of a day or part of the body in which the temperature estimated at, in the early morning the internal heat level is lower and in late night it is high due to after solid action and food admission. Internal heat level likewise fluctuates at various destinations. In clinical practice the rectal, oral, axillary, temple and ear are utilized to quantify internal heat level. An oral site, which is progressively helpful to quantify temperature is at 37 0C. Axillary site isn't precise to gauge the temperature, where temperature fall in any event value36.4 0C is noted from this site. For the most part rectal temperature is viewed as the best quality level for center internal heat level and normal temperature is fall at 37.60C.Being an inside center internal heat level, it is least tedious strategy. The temperature is higher than at different destinations, because of the low blood stream and high segregation of the territory, giving a low warmth loss16. Rectal temperature estimation is unhygienic and can represent a danger of injury to the intestinal mucosa, particularly in newborn children and in rectal medical procedure. It increments physical and mental pressure and can cause humiliation, uneasiness and physical discomfort17. The tympanic is a dec ent site for non-obtrusive estimation of center internal heat level. Anyway care ought to be practiced with the various methods of activity offered.18 When summing up concentrates with capable or enough capable insistence, the ambit for articulate temperature was 33.2-38.2 0C, rectal: 34.4-37.8 0C, tympanic: 35.4-37.80C. The ambit in articulatetemperature for people, separately, was 35.7-37.7and 33.2-38.1 0C, in stomach 36.7-37.5 in tympanic 35.5-37.5 and35.7-37.5 0C1. Mackowiak et al. in 1992 recorded the internal heat levels of 65 men with the normal worth of36.8 0C (98.2 0F).4 The thermometer is one of the most endeavored and confided in clinical instruments, yet astounding encompass the data which it yields. The utilization of thermometer in clinical medication was begun in nineteenth century. Anyway its comprehension and noteworthiness of temperature estimation in wellbeing and ailing condition was happened from recent decades 19. Thermometer is created in seventeenth-century, it didn't arrive at medication until the 1870s, it was at that point in veterinary use since it gave an early determination of the feared dairy cattle plague-as found 100 years sooner by a French veterinary understudy. Then again the presence of fever had been perceived since 600 B.C. For a large portion of this time, fever was accepted to be gainful, even to ludicrous degrees. 'On the off chance that there were a doctor skilful1 enough to deliver a fever it is pointless to look for some other cure against sickness as per Rufus of Ephesus in A.D. 100. By the 17OOs, nonetheless, the capacity of willow bark to decrease fever got referred to and, as could be, when a viable medication was accessible, incredible utilize was found for it. The capacity to control fever encouraged the conviction that it should be controlled, or possibly that it was unhelpful, absent a lot of genuine proof: 'The job of fever in infection stays unexplained. Fever may inevitably be appeared to present a more noteworthy bit of leeway to the protection instrument of the host than to the intrusive properties of the microorganism19. In 1861, Carl Wunderlich was the primary German doctor played out the foundational estimation of human center internal heat level in solid people, the normal revealed esteem was 37 0C or 98.6 degree Fahrenheit. Due to his work on temperature Wunderlich is for the most part viewed as the dad of clinical thermometry20-21. As per Wunderlich, typical internal heat level exists in a scope of 97.2 0F/36.2 0C to 99.5 0F/37.5 0C. Wunderlich found that the internal heat level isn't steady and differs in both sound and unfortunate people. He composed, The absolute bottom is reached in the first part of the day hours somewhere in the range of two and eight, and the most noteworthy toward the evening between four. In his examination the internal heat level ascents in mental effort, clogging and pee retention.He saw that ladies have somewhat higher internal heat level than men and among age gatherings; more established people have altogether lower internal heat level contrast with more youthful i ndividuals20. Internal heat level is impacted by a few components, for example, diurnal variety and cell digestion, because of muscle movement during the day practice and encompassing temperature 22-23. Every day internal heat level isn't reliant available of estimation, which is non-direct, and portrayed by second to second complex inconstancy 4 .The cosinor examination of temperature changeability information is entrenched in circadian exploration of internal heat level rhythms, which is depicted in a basic cosine wave, which is ordinarily described as far as acrophase, abundancy, and mesor, where it sifted through the mind boggling fluctuation data4. Under common conditions anticipated planning of the nadir and acrophase , estimation of the mesor, and plentifulness of temperature mood was fundamentally extraordinary in an individual’s temperature beat, which will be impacted by numerous endogenous face of the situations just as wellbeing status4. During menstrual period, there is an expansion in internal heat level going from 0.5-1.0â ° F/0.25-0.5â ° C is commonly seen at or around ovulation(ref-Circannual and menstrual mood qualities in hyper scenes and internal heat level. in note.) . Correlation of between follicular stage and the post-ovulation luteal stage, internal heat level is raised, yet the adequacy of the temperature cadence is decreased (ref-Circadian rhythms, rest, and the menstrual cycle. In word doc.). It has been accounted for that the temperature in luteal stage is 0.4 0C higher than follicular stage (26 ref-in note ). (Check unique ref no. in convention.) This is fundamentally a direct result of the progesterone hormone level in luteal stage and a few investigations demonstrated that ascent in internal heat level is because of impact of progesterone hormone though estrogen has bringing down impact. the temperature stay raised in luteal stage as long as the progesterone levels are expanded. ( ref-29 and 33 in note.) )(check 27-28 unique ref ) Physical wellness differs the typical internal heat level; Atkinson G et al found that the truly dynamic gatherings have higher plentifulness of temperature than dormant gatherings. Anyway the oral temperature of truly dynamic gathering had lower than latent gathering at 2.00 and 6.00. Rest of the time genuinely dynamic gathering had essentially higher oral temperature than inert gathering. Age has additionally a significant job in fluctuation of temperature. In a large portion of the investigations revealed that cosinor examination of temperature; mesor and abundancy diminishes with increment in age. Gubin et al detailed that ordinary temperature extend is higher in youthful grown-ups than in older folks. Mesor is higher in youthful grown-ups (97.5â ° F/36.38â ° C) than in old subjects (97.1â ° F/36.17â ° C) and adequacy was additionally expanded in youthful grown-ups than in old subjects. The mean circadian acrophase was comparable in both age gatherings (17:19 versus 16:93); in any case, between singular contrasts were higher in the more seasoned gathering, with singular qualities fluctuating somewhere in the range of 10:00 and 23:00 hours (ref.- 48 in note ). In another investigation Howell et al recorded the oral temperature utilizing electronic thermometer in 105 females age ranges from 61-105 years and revealed a gathering mean of 36 0C,which is altogether lo wer than in a more youthful adults.(29 in unique convention). Touitou et al, found that the day by day internal heat level plentifulness was diminished in the old subjects when contrasted with solid grown-up individuals.(30 in unique convention). Nonlineardynamics and intricacy hypothesis seem to offer an elective methodology. Numerous organic structures can be viewed as characteristic fractals and much physiological conduct can be clarified by deterministic disorder (pulse, bacterial populace development, hormonal discharge heartbeats, and pandemics. Besides, much of the time, neurotic conditions and maturing are known to be joined by misfortunes in multifaceted nature. The intricacy of the temperature bend could be consistently estimated in all cases. Predictable outcomes were gotten utilizing three completely autonomous strategies that measure various angles (in two cases the dynamic conduct, in the other the anfractuosity of the bend), with great relationship between's all techniques. None of the multifaceted nature measures was essentially unique for the two genders, nor were they influenced by the BMI. Then again, all proportions of unpredictability were conversely associated with age. This finding is some way or anothe r coded in the temperature readings, yet traditional factual markers are not fit for uncovering it. The finding of a backwards relationship among's age and the level of multifaceted nature of the temperature bend was moreover not surprising. Maturing and sickness are known to be joined by lost unpredictability in specific examples of turbulent behaviour12. For example; changeability in pulse diminishes with age and in specific conditions is related with a poor prognosis31. It could be contended that, as has been proposed for pulse, internal heat level is administered by a few distinctive administrative frameworks (thermogenesis, vasoconstriction-vasodilatation systems, perspiring, breathing rate) and simultaneously is dependent upon outer elements (surrounding temperature, work out, attire). Maybe disease and maturing cause

1. Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1. Independence - Essay Example Moreover, the procedure of dynamic must be to such an extent that it follows a general reasonability approach. Foundational soundness alludes to the events of the greater part as characterized by conventions, monetary costs, mutual standards, and customs, all of which cause free men to create things that are better than their understanding (Hayek 7-8). The suggestion is that genuine independence esteems common endeavors by network or gathering, and family. On the other hand, Hayek (22) the comprehension of people is done best through isolating them from the mutual procedures since the general public and the people exist self-sufficient of one another. As indicated by Hayek, the supposition that will be that people are carefully sound (10) and so as to take an interest in social procedures, people are required to promptly and readily acclimate to changes and stay accommodating to gauges that are past proficient plan (22). Moreover, bogus independence ignores coordinated effort and the joint endeavors of little gatherings to recognize coercive standards constrained by states as answerable for setting up social ties. For this situation, the state frees people from mighty powers forced on them by little gatherings. Rene Descartes and John Stuart Mill among others communicated this view. Hayek, in any case, cautions that the individual must be free all together for the general public to be more noteworthy than the individual, however gave man is controlled and coordinated, the individual more noteworthy than the general public (Hayek

Book of the Courtier Essay Example for Free

Marxist Literary Theory In “Hamlet”. Marxism Is A Theory

Marxist Literary Theory in â€Å"Hamlet† Marxism is a theory based on â€Å"a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation† (Wikipedia, 2017) by philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism focuses on social contradictions and the struggle between socioeconomic classes, which are proletariat, who are the poor people and the working class; and bourgeoisie, the rich people that control the means of production. Marxist theory states that the only way to eliminate the differences between both classes is a violent revolution that will lead to a communist society. Some critics support the idea that British writer William Shakespeare was a Marxist, as well as his plays. While not†¦show more content†¦The fact that Claudius and Gertrude want to get marry so fast leads to different thoughts. Claudius speaks to the royalty and not to the entire castle that includes the lower class because he does not want to raise suspicions. He could have killed King Hamlet, so he would be the maximum authority in the state of Denmark politically, socially, and economically. Gertrude and Claudius might have been lovers in the past and their rise to power has been carefully planned and executed. And Gertrude wants to preserve her power and high position in Denmark. In act II, scene 2, there is a notable difference between working class and royalty. King Claudius and Queen Gertrude tell officers Guildenstern and Rosencrantz to spy on Prince Hamlet to find out what hurts him; to what they answer: â€Å"But we both obey, / And here give up ourselves in the full bent / to lay our service freely at your feet, / to be commanded.† (1375) Another difference between classes exists in act III scene 3. King Claudius tells Guildenstern and Rosencrantz to take Hamlet to England. Both courtiers assures they will do the job. In both examples, it is easy to recognize that Guildenstern and Rosencrantz belong to the working class. King Claudius do not ask them to do something, he tells them what to do without asking if they could it; and both courtiers admit that is theirShow MoreRelatedCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagescultural and critical theory library Open source archive of ebooks, texts, videos, documentary films and podcasts Pages * Home * List of major critical theorists * What is Critical theory ? * What is Frankfurt School ? * Support Critical Theory Library * Contact This Blog This Blog  Ã‚  Ã‚   |    | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form    Home  » texts  » History amp; Class Consciousness: Preface by Georg Lukà ¡cs (1923) Thursday, February 3, 2011Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

The Affordable, Least Lethal, Favorable Product Medical...

Shyann Hundley Mrs. Myers Eng-4. Per-2. 7 March 2016 The affordable, least lethal, favorable product: Medical Marijuana, Marijuana products The individuals of the world are being denied natural treatment such as cannabis oil, and medical marijuana natural remedies. That can cure/retrain mental, physical, and emotional ailments. Everyday billions of people are diagnosed with a life changing ailment that possess possible treatments, but at a cost. A cancer patient depending on the stage of the cancer can spend nearly hundreds to thousands of dollars on chemo, shots, and radiation to hope for a cure that may be late. â€Å"The drug’s manufacturer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, will charge $141,000 for the first 12 weeks of treatment and $256,000†¦show more content†¦By legalizing this plant every individual, family, community could be calmed without fearing that death would occur to their loved ones because of the side effects during the treatment process. â€Å"This is more than just a theory or hypothesis. There is an insurmountable pile of evidence that cannabis cures/treats cancer (and a multitude of other il lnesses) in a large amount of cases, and may even prevent it from coming back. The amount of evidence is daunting, and the science is sound.† (Feinberg) This example provides an insight from Chris Elkins who is a graduate of health communication. In this article instances are given where he provided scientific studies done on the relations between cancer, disease and the effect of marijuana itself and by products. Medical marijuana helps the victim fight off the ailment which is killing their body with no side effects but an increased appetite, and red-eyed appearance. Yet marijuana is barely legal in some states because the rise of this treatment is affordable, natural, and side effects that can harm you aren’t present in this natural remedy. There are other positive aspects of choosing medical marijuana versus other prescribed over the counter drugs, the price. â€Å"Interestingly, cannabis has been legalized in Uruguay, where it sells for $1 per gram, which may lead to more

Child Development - 924 Words

The Parents’ Role in Creating a Safe Environment for Child Development A sweet, innocent, newborn baby is taken home by the parents for the very first time, which means that it is now the parents’ vital responsibility to create a secure home for their child. Since children’s learning foundation is built in the home from the time they are born, it is important for parent’s to create a safe learning environment as their child grows and develops. Parents can create a safe learning environment in the home in order to support their children throughout the different milestones, by creating secure parent to child attachments starting at birth, by helping the brain and personality develop, and by keeping objects and spaces safe for each stage.†¦show more content†¦Next, secure attachments are a mental process that create loving relationships. Secure parent to child attachments can be created on the foundation of love. Love means so many different things, and shown in so many different ways. Love is sacrifice, selflessness, respect, and kindness. It is definitely shown in a secure relationship between parents and children throughout all milestones as they develop. There is something so special between the love of a parent and child. A quote by Burmenskaya, proves this statement, â€Å"Attachment keeps its role as an active mental mechanism in creating interpersonal relations, including friendship, love and family relations† (Burmenskaya 389). Attachments can also create success when parents help their children form self-worth, empathy, and autonomy first at birth, and can continue as they grow. Burmenskaya’s article continues to expound on the idea that parents need to create an attachment not just from the time their child is born, but as he/she continues to grow, because this influences the child’s p ersonality. 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Red Death Essay Example For Students

Red Death Essay Edgar Allan Poes short story entitled The Mask of the Red Death is an artistic example of vivid symbolism. Throughout the sinister tale Poe writes in a style that appeals to all five senses and captivates the readers curiosity until the storys dour conclusion. Upon first glance, the story seems to be a complex tale of good versus evil. If the reader were to examine the story more deeply, they would then discover that the plot and symbolism intertwined throughout the narrative is no more than a simple metaphor for life and death. A quick synopsis of the story tells the account of the affluent and overly confident Prince Prospero and his faulted attempt to escape death. Poe illustrates that Prospero is blinded by his riches and believes that he can escape death. A heavy dose of figurative language is used to create a struggle in which the mood goes from elation to somberness in just a mere three pages. The characters of the story are well defined in that the reader can ascertain certain traits, good or bad, of the characters. For instance, Poe writes, When his dominions were half depopulated, he summoned to his presence a thousand hale and light-hearted friends from among the knights and dames of his court. (Poe 41) This line identifies the Prince as a smug, insecure, and even foolish character all while foreshadowing a dark conclusion. These lines identify the Prince as the axis of the story by illustrating a few of his erroneous values and generates the storys dilemma. The symbolism in the story adds to the chaos of the Princes impending doom. But first let me tell of the rooms in which it was held. There were seven.that there were few of the company bold enough to set foot within its precincts at all.It was in this apartment, also, that there stood against the western wall, a gigantic clock of ebony. (Poe 41-42) In these lines Poe uses more descriptive language to relay to the reader that the Prince is outmatched. The colors give symbolism to the rooms and inform the reader, before the Prince, that death is inescapable. The symbolism of the colors described produces a timeline of events only equivalent to human life. The story follows the course of a human life, most likely the Prince Prosperos, and end ends with Death. Poes creation of a Red Death is an anomaly in that red is usually considered the color of life, yet here it is represented as the mark of death and thus brings the story full circle. In essence, a huge metaphor is created to show the ignorance of the rich (represented by the Prince) to escape mans destiny (represented by The Masque of the Red Death). Based on what I know of Edgar Allan Poes life, it seems to me that this is the most logical theory as to what the story represents. History paints Poe as a depressed, angry, and spiteful man, and in my opinion this story reflects it. Its amazing how Poe found a way not only to define his characters but also incorporate what his feelings were into his work.

Muscle Lab Report Essay Example

Muscle Lab Report Paper Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiments questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Exercise 1: Muscle Twitch Study the data for the three muscles in Tables IA, B, and ICC. 1. Make a scatter plot graph in Microsoft [emailprotected] using Data Tables IA, B, and ICC that show the twitch tension timeliness of the eye, erects femoral, and lanterns muscle fibers. For each muscle, connect the dots together in sequence. Refer to the section in the Introduction of this lab manual titled: Computer Graphing Using Microsoft [emailprotected] for help with this process. 2. Graph all three sets of data on one graph. Label the three muscles on the graph. Then, graph each muscle set on three separate graphs. Label the latent period, contraction phase and relaxation phase on the three separate graphs. We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What is a muscle twitch? A muscle twitch is a small local involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation which may be visible under the skin or detected in deeper areas. B. According to the graphs, which muscle has the fastest twitch? Why? C. What is the latent period and why does it occur? Latent period is the time lapse that occurs between application of stimulus and its targeted effect. E. G when a nerve impulse arrives on a muscle fiber (stimulus), it takes a few milliseconds before the muscle begins to contract. It occurs because the metabolic machinery is at work. Various preparatory processes are occurring. Exercise 2: Trapper: The Staircase Effect 1. Data Table 2 shows muscle tension with increasing time. Observe the values in Data Table 2. Data Table 2: Triple I 6101 15181 18101 21 24101 271121 30101 331151 36101 391151 42101 451151 2. Create a scatter plot graph of the data from Data Table 2. Ensure that you connect the scatter plot dots to create a line graph for better visualization. Plot the time vs Tension in a Microsoft [emailprotected] 3. Use arrows to indicate where each subsequent stimulus occurred on the graph. A. Why is trapper an important phenomenon for athletes to understand? The concept or phenomenon of Trapper occurs when a muscle contracts more forcefully after it has contracted a few times than when it first contracts. This is due to the fact that active muscles require decreasing degrees of succeeding stimuli to elicit maximal contractions. Returning to our example of the second set of squats feeling easier than the first, during the first set there was insufficient warm-up, and the second set felt easier because the first set actually served as a warm-up. The phenomenon in which the contraction strength of a muscle increases, due to increased Ca+ availability and enzyme efficiency during the warm-up. B. Physiologically, what causes trapper to occur? Trapper is an improvement in the force generated by a muscle fiber as it warms up. The phenomenon occurs due to the increase in temperature because of an increase in cell activity. The improvement comes because the enzymes and routines in the system become more efficient at a slightly higher temperature. This is somewhat analogous to how an increase in temperature increases the rate of chemical reaction. Exercise 3: Wave Summation (Temporal Summation) 1. Look over the data in Data Table 3. Data Table 3: Wave summation I I 5131 7181 13191 171151 191251 21 101 2. Graph a scatter plot for wave summation of time vs Tension graph using Microsoft [emailprotected] 3. Use arrows to indicate where the subsequent stimuli occurred on the graph. A. Explain why wave summation occurs. A sustained contraction of muscles, caused by the rapid firing of nerve impulses. B. Can summation go on infinitely? Why or why not? No they will not because the combination of responses from a motor unit that has had two or more stimuli applied to it in quick succession. A motor unit of a muscle responds to a single stimulus with a simple twitch response. When a second stimulus is applied to the motor unit before the response to the first is completely lost, the two responses combine to produce a greater muscle tension than that produced by a single response. If stimulation continues, the combination of the individual responses may result in tetanus. Exercise 4: Tetanus 1. Look over the data in Data Tables AAA and B. Data Table AAA: Incomplete tetanus I I 13171 17191 191151 21 1131 241151 271131 Data Table B: Complete tetanus (milliseconds) Tension 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 19 24 27 10 30 4. Graph the information for complete tetanus on a separate time vs Tension scatter plot graph. Connect the lines of each data point to get a better understanding of the data. 5. Use arrows to indicate the subsequent stimuli on the graph. A. What is the difference between complete and incomplete tetanus? With incomplete tetanus muscles contract but there is a period of relaxation between contractions. As shown on a graph, it looks like a wave. With complete tetanus, here is no relaxation between contractions and on a graph, this is represented by a straight line. Tetanus effects only striated skeletal muscles, not cardiac (heart) muscles. B. Will muscle fatigue occur quicker in complete or incomplete tetanus? Explain your reasoning. It will occur in complete tetanus because of lose of chemical transmitter more rapidly in complete tetanus Exercise 5: Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue Data Table 5: Muscle fatigue II Trial [Start Time (seconds) I Aching/Burning Feeling Begins Arm Begins to Drop (seconds) I Duration (seconds) I 11121201401551 21301251501651 31351301601701 A. Explain why muscles get fatigued. Muscles fatigue because is the decline in ability of a muscle to generate force. It can be a result of vigorous exercise but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction. There are two main causes of muscle fatigue limitations of nerves ability to generate a sustained signal and the reduced ability of calcium (Ca+) to stimulate contraction. B. Which muscle or muscle groups became fatigued with this exercise? Skeletal muscle group become fatigued with exercise because the Voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the central nervous system. The brain sends signals, in the form of action potentials, through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter. Involuntary muscles such as the heart or smooth muscles in the gut and vascular system contract as a result of non-conscious brain activity or stimuli proceeding in the body to the muscle itself. C. What causes the burning sensation in a muscle, and how does that sensation affect muscle contraction? Your body requires energy to fuel the muscle interactions that produce movement. This energy is produced by your body in a number of ways. One such mechanism is called the anaerobic process, meaning it does not utilize oxygen. However, this anaerobic source of energy can only be maintained for short periods of time and the byproducts produce the burning sensation you feel in your muscles during and immediately after high-intensity anaerobic exercise. In addition to limiting the duration of your anaerobic endurance, private is also involved in the process that produces the burning sensation you feel during and immediately after strenuous exercise. In the absence of oxygen, this glycoside byproduct is converted into lactate. During intense anaerobic exercise, the levels of lactate in your bloodstream can build-up rapidly. It is this accumulation of lactate that triggers the nerve endings in your muscles, producing a burning sensation. D. What might have happened in this exercise if more rest was built into the procedure? Rest days are critical to sports performance for a variety of reasons. Some are physiological and some are psychological. Rest is physically necessary so that the muscles can repair, rebuild and strengthen. For recreational athletes, eluding in rest days can help maintain a better balance between home, work and fitness goals.

The Stanley Parable Analysis Essays

The Stanley Parable Analysis Essays The Stanley Parable Analysis Paper The Stanley Parable Analysis Paper Instead of going upstairs to check out the bosss office, I went downstairs out of sheer curiosity. I was led into a parking garage where there was a single car parked with its lights on. I did not possess the courage to walk up to the car and look Into the window because I scare easily and going into this game without knowing anything about It, I was thoroughly convinced at this point that It would feature some pop-out/screamer element to it that I did not want to fall prey to. I avoided the car and walked into the adjacent room, wherein the narrator began describing Stanley thought process. He came to the realization that he was dreaming and started to command the dream, seeing a field of stars In front of him and feeling himself float. Then he became tired of dreaming and wanted to Just wake up next to his wife, so he closed his eyes and the screen went black for me as Stanley willed himself to wake up for a lengthy yet calming period of time in darkness. The eyes opened back up and I was still in the same endlessly repeating set of rooms as I was in the entire time. The narrator said that Stanley began to scream over and over out of insanity and the edges of the screen reddened and finally went black. That play through closed with an image of Stanley lying face down on a sidewalk with a woman staring at him because the narrator tells me that he was Leary a crazy man, walking around town and screaming until he collapsed on the street. The longest play through that I experienced was when I chose to ignore the narrators Instructions from the fork of the two doors. I chose the right door and moved past several rooms in which the narrator scolded Stanley for not proceeding with. Entering a room with a crane, I had it transport me to the other side of the room. From there, I entered a room with a single telephone that was ringing, apparently from a woman who Is In a very close yet recently strained relationship with Stanley as I gathered from the narrators description. I saw that there was a power chord leading to the wall socket from the phone, so I unplugged It and the narrator became aware of the fact that I was a player controlling Stanley. I was then shown an old, grainy, AS-stylized short film on the subject of choice. The narrator had me go back to the room with the two doors. I selected the right door once again and could not proceed from there because it appeared as if had broken the games infrastructure because the scenery and game objects had begun to implode on I OFF themselves Ana run Into can toner. I en narrator Ana grown very angry Witt me Ana hut the game down. When I came to again, I was above the ceiling with Stanley below. I was able to see all of him and the narrators voice came in again, this time muffled because I was technically above the room. The credits rolled for that play through and I had beaten/broke the game. The shortest play through I experienced was very similar to the last one. I had taken notice that when I had to take the crane back to the office, the narrator had put on restrictive gates so as to prevent me from stepping off across the way. I repeated the same process until reaching that room and had the crane take me all the way up ND then I plummeted to my death down below. The narrator was displeased. On the next play through, I decided to adhere to the narrators instructions, but I could not help myself and I disobeyed after a certain point. I went up the stairs instead of down, like the first time, and I went into the bosss room. It was empty and I was prompted by the narrator to punch in a four-digit code behind the bosss desk. A secret door was revealed, which I followed and then took an elevator downstairs. It seemed that I was entering an underground system and I saw a room labeled the Mind Control area, however a passageway to the left of it featuring a cardboard sign with escape crudely written on it seemed more appealing to me, so I ventured in that direction. As per usual, the narrator wanted me to return to the path that he intended for Stanley, but I persisted down this narrow hallway and eventually fell down a chute where I was on a conveyer belt, soon to be pounded into a cube of meat. Just as I was destroyed, a female narrator took over and I saw light of day once more inside an unfamiliar environment. It was a white museum dedicated to game prices and facts about the development stages of the game itself, which I found very neat and explored the place for about ten minutes. Once I exited, I was returned to the conveyer belt and subsequently smashed, having no choice but to start the game over again, as hastily instructed by the female narrator. On another play through, I spent time in the office that Stanley began in to observe if there was something I was missing from the beginning to help open up another aspect of the game that I had yet to discover. I found that I was able to close the door on myself, bringing about an ending of the game where the narrator expressed that Stanley was too nervous to leave his office and instead Just waited for what seemed like eternity. My favorite play through was probably the first one where Stanley thought he was dreaming and then blacked out from screaming out of insanity. The play through scared me to the bone, but it was an incredibly immerse experience and I was legitimately frightened to continue from the moment I entered the parking garage, but the fact that the game was able to shake me up to that degree really impresses The only confusion that I experienced when I began the game was story related. I as at a loss for what direction the story would unfold in and what sort of tonality it had. The controls themselves were very simple and implicit enough that I picked them up very quickly. As far as how to play the game is concerned, I also picked up on the fact that the narrator does not have to be obeyed all of the time and the game usually becomes more enjoyable once he is ignored. Most AT ten game Is comprises AT emergent narrative Decease ten gamely consists of whatever the individual player chooses to do. If you sat two players down across from each other and had them each start the game, they would assuredly venture own different pathways, making the narrated elements to the story different for the both of them. The only embedded narrative occurs before the player has control of Stanley, when a brief cut scene is shown of Stanley at his desk accompanied by narration describing his workday and Job requirements. A mystery that I explored in the game was the unlocking of the achievement listed on Steam that claimed that knocking on door 430 five times would give me an achievement. I had Stanley perform this task and the narrator immediately became aware of my desire to unlock the achievement, so he kept upping the ante from five knocks to twenty, fifty, five more, and then he even had me knock on other doors. At one point, he asked me to knock on the copy machine, but I could not find a copy machine and accidentally entered an area where the door behind me locked and I could not reenter. Although I was not able to complete this mystery, it did reveal that the game has an extremely self-aware sense of humor. This made the narrative more meaningful because on subsequent plays, I was more eager to test the narrators patience, which lead to some very funny story devices, (my personal favorite being the broom closet).

Social Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Research - Essay Example Another problem is how to be objective and, at the same time, practical, because the researcher wants to understand society as well as to change it or transform it with the findings of the research. (Myrdal, 1969). 2.- There is an irrational taboo about discussing the influences of tradition, environment, and personality of the researcher. So the aim of the sociology of social sciences should be to destroy that irrational taboo, and the philosophy of social sciences should be aimed at finding logical means for achieving objectivity in social research. The latter is the topic of Myrdal's essay. Sociology and philosophy of social science research are important since they try to avoid systematic biases in research and faulty knowledge. The theoretical knowledge is related to cause and effects issues, and the practical or political knowledge is related to the means and ends issues. (Myrdal, 1969). 3.- The solution of the logical means is to dsicover the valuations that are actually determining the theoretical and the practical research, to find the relevance, significance, and feasibility of them in order to transform them into specific value premises for research, and to determine the approach and define the concepts in terms of value premises that have been explicitly stated. (Myrdal, 1969). 5.- Beliefs are the ideas about how reali... Through comparison it can be detected if the beliefs are true or false. But valuations are very complex since they are shifting and contradictory. It can be argued that behavior happens through selective focusing and it is really opportunistic. Besides that it can be stated that there are higher and lower valuations. Most of the time lower valuations are selfish in the process of rationalization when the individual tries to find good reasons that are not true reasons behind his/her behavior. So Myrdal argues that "All ignorance, like all knowledge, is opportunist." Private or personal opinions and public or political opinions are different most of the time. (Myrdal, 1969). 6.- Social research questionnaires should include quantitative questions in which the respondents could not give their valuations about reality. 7.- In order to measure the valuations of the respondents a different set of questions should be conducted for measuring them indirectly. Myrdal's ideas are very important for the researcher to be taken into account when conducting social research due to the fact that biases and faulty knowledge can be avoided in a systematic way. The issues related to the irrational taboo about the influences of tradition, environment, and personality should also be addressed appropriately by the researcher. A good research should differentiate among the concepts of opinions, beliefs, and valuations. By doing so the researcher can infer facts and policies of real value for the research community. The aim is to come up with valid and reliable data from the social science research that can be useful for understanding and transforming the social

Super Format and Rapid Development of TV Formats Essay

Super Format and Rapid Development of TV Formats - Essay Example Additionally, with the increase in demand, a lot of investors came up with new ideas that saw the production of programs to match the demands of the customers in the markets. On the other hand, exploiters came up with the idea of exploiting the novel entrepreneurs with the idea of coming up with interesting and catchy programs that would sell and attract the attention of many individuals in the market. Moran & Malbon (2006) indicate that, with the advent of the digital technology, the global TV market indicated developments in coming up with a digital TV channel, that was directed to the consumers; thus, massive profits were indicated by the investors in the industry. TV super formats According to the research conducted by Ward (2003), TV super formats can be referred to as the elements that are in various ways completely invariable, and in which other programs are derived from. This basically refers to the derivation of many programs from a singular element, as a result of manipulat ion of systems to come up with a new program. TV super formats are, therefore, concepts derived from an original program that are reproduced in another for a different audience. With the right documentation these TV formats can be sold internationally for the original concepts to be replicated in other countries. Right documentation, here, refers to trading licenses between the seller and the buyer of the formats (Ward, 2003). With a lot of competition being experienced in the TV and broadcasting industry, there was a dire need by the broadcasting markets to diversify the rules of governing the broadcasting markets. In the long run, trade in the TV broadcasting saw the inclusion of many more traders; thus many players in the industry (Chalaby, 2011). Rapid development of TV formats Private channels Many parts of the world have experienced an upward trend in the number of channels airing programs. Research by Holmes and Jermyn (2004) shows that in prior years, national channels domin ated the television sets in various countries, whereby viewers had no choice but to view whatever programs were aired. However, this trend took a dramatic change with the privatization of channels in many countries. In their quest to win over the viewers, these channels went looking for interesting and catchy programs to draw the interest of the viewers. The most viable way to do this was to concentrate on format programs. With time, privately owned television networks increased in number and completion for audiences was rife, with each trying its best to attract as many audiences as possible. In most cases, national broadcasters lagged behind in the completion for viewership, as they did not want to air programs that supported other nation’s talents and capabilities. The battle, therefore, was among the privately owned television channels. This completion fuelled the rise and spread of format TV. The investors and entrepreneurs in of these privately owned channels are, there fore, the catalysts for the rise in TV formats. Audience Audiences all over the globe have shown a particular liking to TV format programs over original ones. According to Holmes (2004) the concept of TV formats cannot be alienated from a discussion of the communication industry as far as television is concerned. Television formats are vital in the case of journalists and viewers of

Pilot fatigue as a causal factor in aviation accidents Essay Example for Free

Pilot fatigue as a causal factor in aviation accidents Essay This paper aims to delve into the processes and effects of pilot fatigue and its role as a causal factor in aviation accidents. Pilot fatigue as a term is hard to define since different kind of people feel it in different ways and in certain degrees. For the purpose of this paper, however, we will define pilot fatigue as a state of mental and physical exhaustion resulting in a decrease in the ability to perform and maintain activities. The paper will examine the causes of pilot fatigue, its effect to pilot performance in the aircraft and its role in causing aviation accidents. The feeling of fatigue is usually associated with two factors; lack of sleep and disruption of the body’s normal circadian rhythm. The occurrence of one or both usually results in a feeling of sleepiness, tiredness and exhaustion. One of the most essential functions in the human body is sleep. Sleep is the main way by which the body receives rest and enables it to resume activities after wakening. The effects of sleep have been almost based mostly on the results felt with and without it. Generally, having the proper amount of sleep, about 6-8 hours, results in a feeling of well being and freshness. Sleep loss means the time getting less sleep than what is required by the body to perform functions effectively upon awakening. The amount of sleep one needs to perform effectively varies per person, with some needing eight hours while others can simply make do with four. If one needs only 4 hours, and he only sleeps two, two hours of sleep loss occurs. The first night of sleep loss may or may not have a perceptible impact on work activities but after cumulative sleep losses, the impact also increases. Sleep is one of the various body processes regulated by our circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm deals with regulating processes based on cycles of night and day. When one alters the circadian rhythm, it disrupts the body’s natural cycle of rest and sleep. (Sanquist, Raby, Forsythe, Carvalhais, 1997) Fatigue effects are generally the body’s way of attempting to get some rest. These include drowsiness, lapsing in and out of sleep, reduced alertness and muscle coordination, loss of concentration and spotty memory. A fatigued person has sluggish movements, slow reaction times and a tendency to lose focus of the task at hand. Graver is the tendency to become unconscious for brief periods of time, neglecting whatever action at hand. (Conway, Mode, Berman, Martin, Hill, 2005) In pilots, any one of these could lead to disaster. However, when a combination of them occurs, the risks rise dramatically. (Caldwell, 2005) Being a pilot exposes one to situations that result in fatigue. The schedule takes it toll. The paperwork and checks that a pilot has to undergo before the flight proper results in stress. However, it is the flight itself which is the main factor for fatigue in pilots. The long flights leave a pilot almost no time for rest, much less sleep. The banality of looking at controls aids in boring the pilot. Also, the travel of the plane may take it across one or more flight zones. One of the main indicators in the circadian rhythm is daylight. Taking a trip across time zones exposes the pilot to varying amounts of daylight in a single day. This is what’s properly known as jet lag. (Petrie, Powell, Broadbent, 2004) A fatigued pilot may find it easy to succumb to the effects of fatigue during a flight. Bourgeois-Bougrine, Carbon, Gounelle, Mollard, Coblentz, 2003) The cabin pressure, the dim lights, the monotonous sounds, all this have the potential to lure a tired pilot to sleep. Although resting periods are prescribed during flight, no relaxing sleep is derived from them. (Samel, Vejvoda, Maass, 2004) Pilots may also succumb to boredom fatigue, when their tasks become dull and monotonous. (Caldwell, 2001) Whatever discipline or training a pilot may have, it is no much to the needs of the body. It is true that as a pilot, one must be at peak alertness and performance. The effect of fatigue disrupts this and would logically lead to a disturbance in pilot activities. Once airborne, pilots must be vigilant in maintaining airspeed, altitude, pitch and course. In landing, they must be sure of themselves and their movements when banking, controlling the flaps and lowering the wheels. (Raymond Moser, 1995) Fatigue can make a pilot fail in any one of these tasks. This can cause aviation accidents. (Goode, 2003) However, data on the subject cannot empirically say what role fatigue plays. The effects of fatigue may be causative to accidents, but these effects can be induced by other means. There have been many cases where pilot error was cited to be the cause of the crash. However the reasons behind those errors may or may not be due to fatigue. Also, even with a fatigued pilot, it is possible to avoid incidents. (Goode, 2003)Co-pilots are in place not just to assist, but when necessary, take over a pilot. Although no empirical data supports fatigue as a major cause of aviation incidents, the fact that it can lead to such events have led aviation industry officials to take precautionary measures to prevent as well as minimize the effect of fatigue and the risks it entails to both passenger and crew. Guidelines regarding scheduling, medication and on air conduct are aimed to reduce pilot fatigue and boredom. (Conway et al. , 2004) Ensuring that the pilot is rested and is free from fatigue does not ensure an incident-free flight, but it does minimize the risks that the effects of fatigue could lead to disaster. (Smith Mason, 2001) Research Log The first step that I did was to identify the topic. I chose fatigue in pilots and its role in accidents since I have often looked up to pilots and wishes to know what happens when they are fatigued when flying. I researched materials relevant to my topic, from books I had to the internet. I began my paper by clearly stating what I wanted to express,as to avoid confusion and backtracking by the reader. The definition of terms was next to aid the reader in digesting the paper. The body consisted of a cause, effect and then role format. I presented the causes with the desire to impress upon the reader that fatigue happens to any one and everyone. I then enumerated the effects of fatigue to show how such a common event can lead to many risks. Next, particular focus was given to the pilots and their susceptibility to conditions leading to fatigue and conducive to its effects. Afterwards, I expressed that the effects of fatigue in pilots can lead to accidents. However, I refrained from directly pressing the role of fatigue since no data supports it directly. I used the effect of fatigue to show that since A causes B, then C which is caused by B is indirectly related to A. Afterwards, I wrapped up the paper with the measures being taken to prevent fatigue as well as a brief concluding statement.

Comparing the Mormon Religion to Catholic and Protestant Faiths Essay

Comparing the Mormon Religion to Catholic and Protestant Faiths The Mormon religion is very unique in many of its doctrine. While technically a Protestant faith, the Mormons generally share more doctrine with the Catholics. Because of its unique nature, I will be analyzing the Mormon faith, its history, organization, and doctrine, in comparison with the beliefs held by both Catholics and Protestants. Establishment On April 6, 1980, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (aka the Mormon Church) was founded. [It is interesting to note that according to Mormon doctrine (Doctrine and Covenants 20:1), April 6 is the birthday of Jesus Christ.] 10 years prior to this event, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph Smith knelt in a quiet grove in upper New York state and prayed for guidance in choosing a church to join. According to LDS historical records, his prayer was answered by the visitation of two heavenly personages. One, the Heavenly Father, spoke to him and said, pointing to the other, "This is my Beloved Son. Hear Him!" This second personage, Christ, told Smith that he should join no existing church, that the true church he had established upon the Earth had become corrupted and fallen away from the truth over the passing years. Smith was instructed that he was to aid in the restoration of the pure gospel of Jesus Christ in these latter days. Mormons consider this divine visitation and the restoration of Christ's church to be the fulfillment of the prophecy of the Apostle Peter when he said, "He shall send Jesus Christ. . .whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began." (Acts 3:20-21). ... ...rious sins such as murder, adultery, lying, and who do not repent in mortality. There is a fourth place where souls can go after death – Outer Darkness. This place is only those who deny the Holy Ghost, have a perfect testimony of the Gospel and willfully deny it. The Mormon view of afterlife is discussed at great length in Doctrine and Covenants chapter 76. These are just a few of the beliefs of the Mormon faith. Evidenced by the discussion of these is the fact that while Mormonism is technically a Protestant faith, it shares many doctrinal points with both Protestants and Catholics. Beyond its shared theology, Mormonism has several very unique teachings, ones generally not expounded by any other Christian faith. Perhaps it is these novel pieces of doctrine that appeal to people and have made Mormonism the fastest growing faith in the world today.

Conflict Essay

The bringing of people together in social interaction necessarily involves a set of interpersonal dynamics which sooner or later will lead to conflict. Conflict between people or groups often arises from competition for resources, power, and status. Family members compete for attention. Individuals compete for jobs and wealth. Nations compete for territory and prestige. Different interest groups compete for influence and the power to make rules. Often the competition is not for resources but for ideas, one person or group wants to have the ideas or behaviour of another group suppressed, punished, or declared illegal. When you consider what a diverse society we live in, with so many different backgrounds, perspectives and approaches to life, it is not surprising that conflict is established as part and parcel of our everyday life. This is because people will have competing interests and competing perspectives in relation to the same issues, and so we should not be surprised when tensions exist between individuals and groups. Conflict is concerned with difference. If we were all the same, then there would be little or no conflict. However, thankfully we are not all the same, and so part of the price that we pay for the richness of diversity is that conflicts will arise at certain times. Conflicts are inevitable in one’s organizational life and personal life. Conflict tends to have negative consequences for both the individual and the organization. Performance is adversely affected. Decisions made may not be appropriate. Occasionally, they might even be unrealistic or irrational. Thus, conflicts tend to impair one’s efficiency. Sometimes, conflict is also observed to give rise to certain maladjusted behaviours in individuals trying to cope with it. These include alcoholism, drug abuse, excessive smoking, under eating or overeating and extremely aggressive or submissive behaviour. Conflict has also certain physiological consequences in that, certain changes take place within the physiological system which are often ignored or unnoticed. Hence, it may be understood that conflict not only affects an individual’s performance, but also gives rise to psychosomatic disturbances, which undermine the health of the individual. It can also be argued that conflicts are not necessarily bad. The progress we have made so far in our civilization is due to the conflict between nature & man. Conflict releases energy at every level of human activity, energy that can produce positive, constructive results. Conflicts tend to have a motivational value; they drive or energize an individual to tackle a situation. To resolve a conflict one might explore different avenues or alternatives of action, which make him/her more knowledgeable. Conflicts also provide opportunities to test one’s own abilities. Conflict can occur at personal level, interpersonal level, group level. It can be latent or covert. Causes of Conflict 1. Conflicts arise when people are competing for the same resources, when they are not fairly distributed or when there are not enough to go round. 2. Conflicts arise when the people are unhappy with how they are governed. 3. Conflicts arise when people’s beliefs clash. Religious and political views are particularly sensitive, because people often depend on these for a sense of identity and belonging. Sometimes the conflict is caused by a religious/political group being attacked; sometimes it is because the group is eager to spread a particular belief and even enforce it on others. Some leaders may aggravate religious and political differences as part of their tactics for keeping or gaining power. 4. In the same way ethnic differences can cause conflict, or be made to cause it. Again, people’s ethnicity gives them a sense of identity and belonging, and it is threats to this sense which can cause violent responses, just as individuals may lash out with angry words or gestures when they feel threatened. Causes of conflict in the work place The cause of workplace conflict is often misunderstood and blamed on personalities and misbehaviour, but in reality much workplace conflict is systemic and endemic to the workplace environment. Ineffective organisational systems, unpredictable policies, incompatible goals, scarce resources, and poor communication can all contribute to conflict in the workplace. Workplace conflict causes loss of productivity, distractions, and employee dissatisfaction. However, management can produce positive results by paying attention to and addressing the true causes of conflict in their organisations. Managing conflict Managing a conflict contains specialized interaction that prevents a dispute from becoming a destructive battle. Managing a conflict attends to the personal issues so as to allow for a constructive relationship, even though the objective issues may not be resolvable. For example, the former Soviet Union and the United States managed their conflict during the Cold War by using a variety of mechanisms. The objective issues in the dispute were not resolved, and neither were the personal issues, which contained significant perceptual differences. However, both sides attended significantly to the relationship to keep the disagreement from turning into a destructive battle. Ways people deal with conflict There is no one best way to deal with conflict. It depends on the current situation. Here are the major ways that people use to deal with conflict. 1. Avoidance. Pretend it is not there or ignore it. Usually this approach tends to worsen the conflict over time. 2. Accommodation. Give in to others, sometimes to the extent that you compromise yourself. Usually this approach tends to worsen the conflict over time, and causes conflicts within yourself. 3.  Competition. Work to get your way, rather than clarifying and addressing the issue. 4. Compromising. Mutual give-and-take. 5. Collaboration. Focus on working together. This approach sometimes raises new mutual needs. Effects of conflict Conflicts have positive and negative effects. They can lead to change if they are well managed, they can be used as a learning experience and they can be used to open up opportunities. However, prolonged conflicts can erupt into violence and disrupt the activities of the organisation, they may also damage relationships permanently and they can also lead to the death of an organisation. Change Most of us live and think as if the world were static, or as if it should be. As individuals, as professionals, and as members or leaders of organizations, too often the way we act, plan, and react betrays the assumption that tomorrow will be much like today, that we’ll slide by all right if we just get a little better, a little smarter, at doing what we are already doing. Some people, and some organizations, fall apart in the face of change. They seem well organized until something changes in their environment. According to Robbins (1999), change is concerned with making things different. Things must be different because they change constantly. When an organizational system is disturbed by some internal or external force, change frequently occurs. Change as a process, is simply modification of the structure or process of a system. It may be good or bad, the concept is descriptive only. † It may be constructive, destructive, comfortable or uncomfortable. People and organizations seem to have a pattern over their lifetimes. People and organizations that thrive on change share some fundamental attributes. Change is fractal: its basic nature looks the same at different scales. So the attributes that make an organization powerfully adaptive also make a relationship flexible and fruitful, a community liveable, and an individual creative, adaptive, and secure in the midst of turbulence. It is not possible to change an organization without changing oneself. Changing oneself will change an organization. The two are inextricably linked. If people seriously intend to help their organization go through the massive changes, they must set out on a path of changing their own lives, of learning the skills of change and applying them first to themselves. Any change is, in part, physical. It can be understood in one’s head, but until it lives in their body, it won’t change their behaviour. If a person wishes to be different, that person must learn to move differently, to make different physical decisions. â€Å"Stick to your knitting,† turns out to be a useful thought for dealing with change. However, at the core of every truth is a fallacy, a route to a deeper truth. The fallacy at the core of â€Å"stick to your knitting† is the invitation not to change, to stay satisfied with the way we are. Many of us have a grudging acceptance of the need to change. The reality is that every change is a new skill, one that takes time and attention to learn. If I wait to change until I am forced to it, I will be too late. To wait until change is forced on me is to stay perpetually behind on the learning curve. Whenever a person is trying to change something in his life, they should always remember that change without getting rid of the beliefs that cause the current behaviour or feelings is almost impossible. Furthermore, change probably is difficult when one is onvinced that they either saw or felt the belief causing their current behaviour or feeling on numerous occasions earlier in life. When they realize they never saw their belief and they caused the feeling, not reality, their belief will just dissolve. Today change is the essential of survival and a way of carrying out business. Every business firm whether big or small has to change with time or it will perish. This change along with it brings insecurities and pain that forces human beings or individuals to come out of their comfort zones to zone of uncomfortable debate and this leads to resistance to change.

Demecology †the Ecology of Populations - 1574 Words

Topic 3: Demecology – the ecology of populations The main idea: Note how mathematical models are used to examine variation in growth of a population. Lecture outline: 1. Statistic and dynamic characteristics of population. 2. Growth curves patterns: J-shaped curve and S-shaped curve 3. Population regulation: Density-dependent and density-independent factors. 4. Human population patterns: - Population numbers. - Demographic transition and structure - Population urbanization 1. Statistic and dynamic characteristics of population Population – is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. Population is an elementary and evolutionary unit of biosphere. Statistic characteristics: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Density-independent factors –are factors that affect populations (reproduction and mortality rates) regardless of population density (natural disasters as forest fire, earthquake, flood etc.). 4. Human population patterns: †¢ Population numbers | |In 1650 ~ 500 million people. | |[pic] |In 2000 ~ 6 billion people. | | |In 2009 ~ 6.5 billion people. | | |This exponential growth rate can be explained by increase: | | |in food production | | |the rise of industry | | |advances in medicine | | |Growth rate is about 70 million people per year. It may be | | |limited by the same density-dependent factors that limit the |